Simplistic approach to grouping children education essay Free Essays

string(170) with an unconventional understudy or gathering aë†?not understanding what is needed from them aë†?not holding support for the endeavor they have been set aë†?sharing resources. Inside this exposition I will focus on the class of passionate and conduct inconveniences. I will frontal area many key attributes all through the paper, for example, capacity of the educators talking about the peaceful obligations and the achievements teachers should have the option to give for the child an additional interest, impacts the activity may hang on larning for a man furthermore the rest of the class, here I will focus on how their additional interest may affect the child actually and achievement in school, I will so go on and talk about how a teacher can suit their exercises to run into the understudy ‘s requests and in the long run issues in marking the students with the additional interest. ( Woolfolck et al, 2007, p165 ) states â€Å" Emotional and conduct upsets are practices that debase such a great amount from the standard that they meddle with the child ‘s ain developing and improvement as well as the lives of others † . We will compose a custom paper test on Oversimplified way to deal with gathering kids training exposition or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now 30 % of essential and 38 % of auxiliary children related to these additional requests. ( DfES, 2004 ) . Understudies with EBD are oftentimes observed to hold a much more clear and more prominent employment than touchiness or wickedness yet non so broad to be classed as a psychological unwellness. Troublesome children can purposely meddle with or divert others, and pulled back or passing on children may battle with focus taking them to fall behind in class. ( Long, 2000 ) Hollahan and Kauffman ( 1994 ) recommend there are two order in puting kids with an enthusiastic and social miracle in these are disguising and anticipating. They accept that kids who will in general be overactive, uncooperative, defiance, threatening and coldblooded are demoing anticipating conduct. Anyway understudies who have employments with, cultural backdown, blame, wretchedness, uneasiness and hapless equivalent dealingss are demoing characteristics of disguising practices. By sorting these highlights you can see that anticipating practices are a bunch increasingly open and pull most joining in, though disguising practices as often as possible go unnoticed as they do n’t hold the prominent of anticipating practices. A teacher ‘s work in the schoolroom is basic, they are liable for providing and creating larning to accommodate all children inside the schoolroom. As since a long time ago recommended in his quote there has been a move off from the oversimplified assault of holding gatherings of children isolated and it has gotten a bunch increasingly comprehensive. â€Å" Based on the feeling that it is the privilege of all researchers to a nature of guidance that fulfills essential larning needs † ( www.unesco.org/instruction got to on 30 November 2010 ) . Moreover to this quote the incorporation of all understudies in standard schoolrooms and schools is bit of an extraordinary overall human rights movement, which requires the full consideration of each individual understudy in all features of life. One plan an educator may use to make with incorporation is in the event that they have understudies with EBD is to look for and nature all children to go companions and build an extraordin ary reverberation with them, by making this the understudy will go to encounter like he/she is segment of something and experience a cluster increasingly sure about procuring associated with working with rises to they know great. This may other than chop down mischievous activities because of the reality the child may non want to permit down the rest of their equivalents who are currently companions and so on. The educator ‘s work in descrying the difficulties is significant. It is of import to put EBD each piece right on time as could reasonably be expected with the goal that help can be given. An understudy with suspected EBD should hold their conduct observed intently so specialists can gauge the understudy ‘s requests. For representation, you could accept of an understudy ( or gathering of understudies ) and investigate their conduct against following run of the mill occurrences. Kids with enthusiastic and conduct inconveniences require a wide range of sorts of peaceful requests. Clebsc and Jackle indicate peaceful consideration as â€Å" helping Acts of the Apostless, done by delegate people, coordinated toward retouching, delaying, guiding and pleasing of pained people whose issues emerge with regards to extreme hugeness and concerns † ( Grossoehme, 1999, p3 ) . Youngsters with this steamed may, happen it difficult to compose agreeable connections, every now and again seem distracted and thus happen it difficult to procure engaged with exercises, experience difficulty keeping up on embraced and even in some most extreme occurrences have a phobic issue of school itself. It is the educator ‘s obligation to descry these highlights and exchange with them reasonably. Instructors who have understudies in their class with EBD have numerous peaceful obligations and achievements to have the option to run into the requests of that particular child. Aside from guardians, educators see the child more than any other person and could be an of import start of portrayal for experts outside the schoolroom. The peaceful everyday occupations of all teachers incorporate, progressing and protecting the health, prosperity and wellbeing of understudies, providing counsel and approach to students on issues identified with their guidance, working in association with guardians, bolster staff and different experts and loaning towards great request and the more extensive requests of the school. Progressively focussed on helping understudies with EBD there are an extent of endeavors they will require to move out, these are things like taking a functioning contribution in the conduct of the understudies, advance great conduct and offer them bolster furthermore elevate them to expand achievements or even keep up high degrees ( hypertext move convention:/www.snct.org.uk/library/127/Glasgow_LNCT_-_pastoral_care.pdf got to on first December 2010 ) . Anyway it is the educators capacity to other than run into these requests, kids with EBD do non cognize the proper behavior and make non see how their conduct influences different children in the class. It is cardinal to demo them various approaches to act and to be unyielding on acceptable conduct. Regularly unacceptable conduct has a trigger point. Distinguishing this can help you to step in and stop the conduct occurring. Normal trigger focuses when understudies are working in gatherings or in classifications incorporate such things as: aë†?moving around the room ( to move up stuff ) aë†?sitting with an impossible to miss understudy or gathering aë†?not understanding what is needed from them aë†?not holding support for the endeavor they have been set aë†?sharing assets. Similarly terrible conduct and great conduct are found out and you can design the kind of good conduct that all understudies ( and especially those with EBD ) need so as to work quickly in school ( hypertext move convention:/www.napta.org.uk/art_ebd.html got to on first December 2010 ) . There are numerous strategies on run intoing the specific instructive requests of children. For example, the SEN Code of Practice which was adequate from January 2002 this strategy takes history of the Particular Educational Needs and Disability Act ( 2001 ) and â€Å" gives down to earth guidance to Local Authorities, looked after schools, early guidance scenes and others on shipping out their legal obligations to place, rump and do stipulation for understudy ‘s specific instructive requests. By the by â€Å" Removing Barriers to Achievement-the Government ‘s Strategy for SEN † ( 2004 ) , is the main arrangement which centers around early mediation they plot numerous plans which incorporate taking hindrances to securing, raising standpoints and Achievement and in the end introducing Improvements in Partnership. ( Reference ) Some enthusiastic and conduct employments might be ephemeral and can be managed using standard peaceful plans. However, others are unpredictable to such an extent that outside experts should be included to help the child header with everyday life and procurement. There are many help agencies who work intimately with schools to help kids with their employments, for example, cultural enthusiastic and conduct inconveniences affiliation what's more youthful heads. â€Å" Young Minds is the taking foundation focused on bettering the passionate prosperity of children and youthful individuals and approving their folks and considerations ( hypertext move convention:/www.youngminds.org.uk/got to on 3 December 2010 ) . They run numerous runs and endeavors to gain the best out of the children who are suffering from passionate difficulties. Other than the child might be alluded to the Childhood and Adolescent Mental Health Service unit which is regularly situated at a neighborhood hospital. Or on the other hand you can ask for the child to be seen by the Educational Psychologist or a Pediatrician. The occupations may go so horrible the child may hold to see a Consultant Psychotherapist one time a hebdomad or more and on the off chance that it ‘s doing tasks with the entire family so they may see a Family Counselor each other hebdomad. Shockingly holding EBD may affect an understudy ‘s advancement what's more instructive achievement in schools. Youngsters with EBD are at incredible peril of under-accomplishment, instructively and in their self-improvement. They can other than intrude on the guidance of others. Numerous employments may occur inside the school scene for both the educator and understudy, they oftentimes experience inconveniences, for example, experience difficulty keeping up on attempted, much of the time become sorrowful or have tantrums for no clear ground, have low confidence and every now and again become survivors of endures, become endures themselves, be excessively consideration looking for through either negative conduct or tenacity and underachieve in numerous nations of the school cou

Occupy Wall Street Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Involve Wall Street - Essay Example the 1%) has been tested by the broad Occupy development, causing a social interruption. This presents an atmosphere of pressure that fills in as an open door for Apple to profit by the contradicting market by changing their image technique to increase a suitable relationship with the new philosophy. The current electronic renegade/mechanically prevalent picture of the organization is practically perfect for the present atmosphere, however the organization should recognize straightforwardly with the development or face being set in the disliked â€Å"big business† class. Apple’s contributions are as of now connected with the young/mainstream society through their present procedure, so they may advance their part in adding to the improvement by making correspondence progressively open. This methodology would use a media legend (that electronic gadgets make correspondence simpler to utilize and get) also brand resources. The Apple brand is additionally very much associated with the idea of abnormality by method of another legend. Utilizing Apple’s items was once viewed as an extremely uncommon event, and they have figured out how to proceed with this agitator picture all through their tremendous achievement. Distinguishing the brand with insubordination offers the organization another immediate way to associating with the Occupy development by working from a fantasy and as of now settled organization assets. At long last, the Occupy development may end up being less affecting that initially surveyed, and organizations might be confronted with the results of any significant changes to mark procedures that occurred exclusively in light of the occasion. Since they hypothetically don't need to change a great deal, Apple’s current brand systems have the organization very much situated to gain by the prominence of the development while retaining almost no misfortune should the Occupy marvel misfire in

President Sarkozy Visit COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

President Sarkozy Visit COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was contributed by Anesa Diaz-Uda, a second-year MPA student. _________________ Part of what has made my SIPA education so special is the access to world-renowned scholars as well as current and former global leaders.   Just this year I’ve attended several lectures with Jeffrey Sachs and Joseph Stiglitz, and heard President Kirchner of Argentina and the former Secretary-General of the UN, Kofi Annan.   Monday morning I was lucky enough to add President Nicolas Sarkozy to my list.   Below are some of the key points I took away: Columbia University’s President Bollinger introduced President Sarkozy as a fresh leader, unafraid of controversy.   Sarkozy lived up to his reputation, immediately expressing his intent to not use a speech.   Rather, he would speak to us as candid friend â€" a very charismatic and focused one. President Sarkozy first admitted his admiration for the US, and its unequaled power in the global order.   He concentrated on the idea that with power comes responsibility, namely a responsibility to listen and exchange ideas with others.   He made it clear that Europe wanted to be heard in such a setting. The value of this exchange, for Sarkozy, was particularly potent in this moment of crisis.   He impressed upon all of us a 1) Need for new answers, 2) Need to renew the existing model, 3) Need to do all of this together. As he put it, “This is why I am here in the States.”   He hoped to foster a free and open discussion at Columbia as well as at the White House the following day. One of the main topics in this discussion was economic regulation.   Sarkozy felt that the financial market must be regulated.   It lacked structure, and without a mechanism that holds people accountable in good and bad times, another crisis would ensue.   He understood that as a Frenchman speaking in favor of regulation, many would suspect him of socialism or at the very least anti-free market sentiments.   This was not the case.   He spoke favorably of capitalism, however, he genuinely believed that only regulation would save a faltering free market economy. He couldn’t defend a system where so many people who were not responsible for market failures got hurt, and would consider himself an accomplice should he not attempt to create a system to regulate the global economy.     He then cited examples such as the oil market, which is subject to much fluctuation, as an industry in need of some ground rules.   He genuinely believed that it was in the interest of all stakeholders, particularly producer-states and top consumers to set a targeted price for barrels of oil. He spoke harshly on the topic of speculative bubbles, but repeatedly said he thought that it was “well and proper” for businessmen and women who produce innovative products and services to make large profits â€" he was simply not pleased with the idea of people simply speculating on derivatives, for example, making immense sums of money. Sarkozy also made it clear that he believed we need new metrics for understanding and measuring growth.   He spoke highly of Joseph Stiglitz’s work, and supported the idea that sustainable growth requires the measurement of new more qualitative concepts.   He also spoke of his hope to create a new international institution dedicated to monetary policy â€" similar to what we saw during and in the wake of WWII with the Bretton Woods System. Sarkozy moved from his economic and financial evaluation, to the topic of new world governance.   He spoke candidly about the need for reform in the UN, particularly the Security Council.   He impressed upon us the need to think about the countries of tomorrow.   When referencing the G8, he said, “We can’t manage tomorrow’s conflicts alone.” He spoke briefly about security, and compared the attacks in Moscow’s subway system to 9/11.   For Sarkozy, the fight against terrorism is everyone’s fight, and he pledged his support and military to the War in Afghanistan. President Sarkozy ended his conversation again speaking of the value of listening and engaging the international community in this time of crisis, and spoke of his admiration of President Obama.   “We were proud of you when you elected Obama.”     He saw the US as a country making much progress.   He did, however, ask the American people to not lag behind the US President specifically with regard to financial and environmental regulation. He then took questions.   Questions ranged from US healthcare reform to what a new UN Security Council would look like.   He was as lively and honest in his responses, once even citing his wife, Carla Bruni-Sarkozy, who was in attendance and as expected, looked stunning.

Treatment or Prevention - 1323 Words

The Treatment and Prevention of Drug Use and Abuse Professor Gross CJ: 411 Drugs and Alcohol in the Criminal Justice System 10/7/14 By Jimmy Ortega Juveniles across the country have many issues in today’s society however; the issues that are at hand can be prevented if the parents or guardians have control over that certain juvenile. If that parent doesn’t have control of that teen there are certain places in which the parents can reach out to and get help dealing with the issues. But when it comes to parenting just because you don’t have control over that teen at that moment doesn’t mean you’re a bad parent because teens these days are dealing with issues such as high school popularity to even the issue of†¦show more content†¦Aliviane Aliviane, Inc. is a community-based minority governed, non-profit organization headquartered in El Paso, Texas, Region 10. Aliviane began providing services in 1970 intervention, and treatment programs in the areas of substance abuse, behavioral health, HIV services, homelessness, and education. Today, Aliviane is the primary provider of prevention and treatment services in West Texas for men, women, and adolescents. Aliviane also coordinates a strong network of community support with local, state, and national organizations to provide a continuum of care in West Texas. In addition, the agency operates a number of steering committees and planning groups in the areas of substance abuse and behavioral health. The agency also provides training and professional development for partnering organizations, health workers, interns, volunteers, and members of the community involved with social services (Aliviane, 2014). It is important for every city in the United States of America to have pro grams like Aliviane in place because it focuses on the community as a whole. Another reason it is important to have programs in place is because many individuals who suffer from a life of drug addiction or addiction in general feels as if there are alone in the world and have no guidance. But thankfully here in El Paso, Texas Aliviane mission statement is simply To provide a comprehensive andShow MoreRelatedPrevention And Treatment Of Injuries1228 Words   |  5 Pages Prevention and Treatment of Injuries in Basketball Brian Burnett Jacksonville University Kinesiology 257 Abstract This paper focuses on the prevention and treatment of injuries in basketball. This paper explores the basic concepts of preventing injuries and the different methods to treat injuries that occur as a result of playing basketball. There are a variety of preventive measures to limit injuries at recreational, collegiate and professional levels of playingRead MorePrevention And Treatment Of Diabetes1590 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there were about 5,089 new cases of type 2 diabetes in children under 10 years old in 2008-2009 annually (CDC, 2014). Additionally, approximately 19.6% is the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children under 10 years old (CDC, 2012). Although mortality among children under 10 years old has decreased by more than 78%, reported in 2009, this can be explained by the fact that management and treatment for diabetes has significantly improved withRead MorePrevention And Treatment Of Malaria Essay1710 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesMalaria adversely affects millions of people around the world, especially in developing countries, due to the lack of awareness, deficiency of prevention tools, and several other factors. 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(2017), the act of suicide is neither comfortable nor easy; however, experiencing a series of painful events lessens the fear of death, which prepares individuals for attempting to take their own lives. Establishing a framework of evidence-based preventions, interventions, and treatment options provides opportunities to help at-risk youth and their families find solutions to difficult problems that they might encounterRead MorePrevention Of Complications And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Treatment1418 Words   |  6 Pageslymphedema as a result of breast cancer treatment. Lymphedema is the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues surrounding a lymph node. Lymphedema occurs when there is a disruption in the lymphatic system caused by either a congenital abnormality or can be caused by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, injury, infection or blockage (Shahap, 2013). Lymphedema is a chronic and progressive condition that has no cure. 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The Transition Of Art, Music, And Literature From The...

Santosh Gering Hum 252 Test 2 Prof. Andrea Donovan â€Å"Discuss the art, architecture, music, or literature from the Gothic age through the Renaissance. Talk about the development of art, architecture, music, or literature during this period, the significant issues, technologies, or styles, and some of the cultural or social influences. Finally, list at least six individuals and their work that provides examples from your discussion.† Comprehensive Essay The transition of art (incorporating the art spanning from paintings and architecture) from the Gothic Age all the way to the High Renaissance was, in my opinion; one of the most physical forms of the development and growth of the European culture. The intuitive designs that were born throughout the centuries are still alive today. Byzantine art is the name for the imaginative products of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from Rome s decline. Many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire s culture and art for centuries afterward. A number of states contemporary with the Byzantine Empire were culturally influenced by it, without actually being part of it (the Byzantine commonwealth). These included Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Rus, as well as some non-Orthodox states like the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom ofShow MoreRelatedThe Transition Of Art, Music, And Literature From The Gothic Age Through The Renaissance1261 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Discuss the art, architecture, music, or literature from the Gothic age through the Renaissance. Talk about the development of art, architecture, music, or literature during this period, the significant issues, technologies, or styles, and some of the cultural or social influences. 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Baroque Era1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe what was thought to be a messy, vaguely disgusting style. Potentially coming from the Span ish words barrueco meaning a rough or imperfect pearl or â€Å"berruca† the term for â€Å"wart†, Baroque came to be a generalized term for art, architecture, music, and sculpture from the 16th century to the early 18th century (Klindt-Jensen 2015). Not only was the â€Å"Baroque period† long lasting, but it was far reaching as well. From Holland to Spain, Germany to France, the Baroque style began in Rome and ItalyRead MoreEssay about Religion’s Profound Effect on Musical Development3660 Words   |  15 PagesSo its not surprising that music, one of man’s earliest expressive forms, has also been influenced by religion. Religion has had an effect on man’s music all throughout history, from the early Egyptians to even now. So it is only natural that Western music should also have been affected by religion. 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Event Management Plan Free Essays

string(59) " so that we can have the permits and access to the fields\." Event Management Plan for Spring Bash 2013 Event Description Day/Date/Time of Event – Duration. This event will be held during the week of Monday March 25th thru Thursday March 28th. The game times will be 10 am, 1pm, 4pm, and 7:30 pm. We will write a custom essay sample on Event Management Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Location / Facility / Venue of the Event. The baseball site is the beautiful, professionally maintained Santaluces Sports Complex. The Santaluces Sports Complex was built by the Montreal Expos for their spring training and is located in Lantana, FL. Description of the Event. With a comfortable average annual temperature of 78 ° F (25  °C), Palm Beach County is able to host any type of sporting event any time of the year. South Florida’s tropical climate is unique to any other region in the country and is one of the primary reason so many teams want to come and get out of the cold. The tournament will consist of 12 teams all competing for the tournament title at the end of the four days. Purpose of the Event / Overview. This will be an invitation only event to bring in some of the top high schools in Florida and showcase their skills for area scouts both professional and college. W5H. Who. Any High School baseball program from any state will be apart of the invitation only event. What. This is a Spring Break invitational tournament that is put on to expose some of the best armature athletes to professional and college scouts. When. March 25th thru March 28th Where. Santaluces Sports Complex Lantana, FL How. Through registration fees, concessions, and gate revenue. Aims / Objectives (S. M. A. R. T. ). Our goals and objectives are to become the premier spring break tournament in Florida. Event Management Management Responsibility. In-house / outsourced) – The management responsibility will be taken care of in-house to cut down on cost and overhead. Major stakeholders / agencies. The major stakeholders will be the high school programs that attend this event. Also, the agencies that will be involved with this event are the Palm Beach County Sports Commission and the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Physical requirements. The physical requ irements for this event will be long hours in the hot South Florida sun as well as the ability to lift up to 50 lbs. Venue. The Santaluces Sports Complex provides four well maintained and groomed fields and also have lighting on all four fields to host night games is needed. Target audience. This tournament’s target audience is anyone of the many top high school baseball programs we have in the US. Approximate Number of Participants and Spectators. There will be twelve teams which will account for approximately 240 participants and over the course of the four days approximately 1500 spectators will be in attendance. Event History. This will be the first annual tournament held at this location. Based on research done on other spring break tournaments it is very popular with the high schools both locally and in the north where there is still snow on the ground. There are not many premier spring break tournaments out there so we feel this will help fill the void. Technology. All game information and results will be notated and recorded on iPads using the application called Game Changer scorekeeping. Also, for communication with event staff they will have cellphones as well as radios. Sponsoring Organization. For this event due to the size there will not be any sponsoring organization. Feasibility Is the event a good idea? This event is a great idea due to the amount of teams looking to play in a tournament during spring break and also for the exposure the teams will have to area scouts. Do we have the skills required to plan and run the event? The event staff is well trained and knowledgeable on what is needed to make this type of event successful. Is the host community supportive? The host community is supportive due to the sales at local hotels and restaurants. Do we have the infrastructure in the community? The location of the event provides quick access to the interstate, hospital, and airport. Can we get a venue at a price we can afford? The event cost will be $2000 for the permits running the four days of the tournament. Will the event attract an audience? The main audience will be that parents and family members of the participants as well as professional and college scouts. Will it attract media support? Due to the size of the event media support will not be attracted. Is it financially viable? The operating expenses of the tournament will be covered in the registration fees, which makes it financially viable. Are the success criteria reasonable? The success criteria is reasonable but will be unknown until after the event takes places and feedback is generated. What are the risks? The risks associated with this event are weather, injury, and the expenses exceed the revenues. SWOT Analysis Strengths. The location and quality of the fields are the biggest strengths of this tournament. Weaknesses. When having a tournament in the spring there is always a chance of rain, also this is a first year event and does not have a proven track record. Opportunities. With a successful event we may be able to expand the number of teams in the futures and solidify our place as one of the premier spring break tournaments. Threats. The threats associated with this tournament are that there are many other tournaments going on at the same or similar times. It may be hard to get the commitment of elite high school programs due to them being committed to other events at the time. Approvals ; Consultation State ; federal government. The approval and compliance for this event will be through the FHSAA and all other factors will be held at the county level. County, city, or town. There will have to be approval from the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department so that we can have the permits and access to the fields. You read "Event Management Plan" in category "Essay examples" Roads ; traffic authority. This will be taken care of in-house by using staff members to direct traffic. Liquor licensing. There will be no need for liquor licensing due to no alcoholic beverages will be sold at this event. Police. Police will not be needed unless a crime is committed. Insurance. Prior to the event there will be a waiver signed excluding responsibility in the case of the event. In case of injury, this is a school-approved activity and responsibility falls on them. Marketing / Advertising / PR / Ticketing Customer segmentation. Our customer segmentation is based on the top high school programs across the state as well as nationally. Pricing. Registration for the event is $500 Ticket program. Game day passes for spectators will be $10 per day or $35 for the duration of the event. Kids ages infant-17 years old will gain admittance free of charge. Advertising. Advertising for the event will be done through social media utilizing Facebook and Twitter. Message. The message of this event is to provide a overall great experience and to provide the participants the ability to be seen in front of professional and college scouts. Media outlets used. The media outlets that will be used for this event include Flyers / Posters / Brochures, Word of Mouth, Internet and Social Media. Advertising Budget. Due to our online advertising there is no advertising budget put in place. Promotions. Due to the size and nature of the event there will no promotions taking place. Giveaways. All participants will be given t-shirts and all coaches will receive polo shirts. Community / Public Relations. Press releases. No press releases will be delivered, but emails will be sent out to professional scouts and college scouts about our tournament and the teams that will be in attendance. Media briefing(s). Media guides will be made up consisting of the teams involved and their rosters as well as schedules and a sponsor’s page. Evaluation of Marketing Plan. The evaluation of the marketing plan will be done at the conclusion of the event to see in what areas we can better ourselves. Financial Control Is the purpose to make a profit? The main purpose of this event is to create a great atmosphere of high-level competition and have a successful event. Also, to make a profit is another purpose of the event. Without a profit we will not be able to continue putting on future events. How much will the event cost? The overall cost of the event will be $4800, which will be covered in the registration fees. What are the revenue sources? The revenue sources for this event are the registration fees, concessions, gate sales and sponsorship. How many tickets need to be sold to break even? The registration fees alone will allow us to cover our operating expenses. All other sources of revenue will be for payroll and the rest is profit. What is the cash flow situation? The cash flow situation will come from the day-to-day operating expenses such as restocking concessions, gate sales, baseballs, etc.. What are the control systems? There will be a staff member in charge of collecting monies throughout the day and placing them in a safe box with a key lock. Only that staff member and director will have access to the money. How will legal and taxation obligations be met? These will be met in the concessions were all sales rung out in the cash register will be taxed. Capital / funding requirements. In the case of expenses running over the profits the initial investment of cash on hand of $10,000 will cover those costs. Fees. The fees of $20/hr for the ball field permits required by Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department will be paid out of the initial investment to secure the location and dates desired. Costs. The overall cost of the event will be $4800, which will be covered in the registration fees. Merchandise / licensing. At this time due to this being the first year of the event we will not be having and merchandise for sale. Control systems. There will be a staff member in charge of collecting monies throughout the day and placing them in a safe box with a key lock. Only that staff member and director will have access to the money. Taxation. These will be met in the concessions were all sales rung out in the cash register will be taxed. Profit ; loss statement. This will be completed at the end of the event. Cash-flow analysis. This will be completed at the end of the event. Budget Budget Detail. (See table 3 pg. 18) Event Contracts. This event does not have any contracts due to the nature and size. Sponsorship Sponsor signage / Sponsor booths. This event does not have any sponsor booths but will have signage of local sponsors in the outfield and in the media guide. Package sales. Packages will range from $100-$400 in which sponsors can choose. (See Table ) Activation. The sponsorship activation is done by the sponsor including coupons for participants and spectators that attend their business. Evaluation. The evaluation will be done at the end of the event by contacting the sponsors and collecting data on who brought in the coupons. Risk Management Identification. (of risks ; hazards) Some risks that may arise are balls leaving the playing field, wet playing surfaces and heat stroke. Assessment. (of risks ; hazards) Balls leaving the field can cause injury to spectators, wet playing surfaces can cause injury to players as well as coaches and heat stroke can happen to players and coaches due to the hot weather. Management. (of risks ; hazards) All situations will be forwarded to the tournament director. Incident reporting. All situations will be forwarded to the tournament director and local authorities if need be. Contingency plan. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed. Letter to Dignitary Form. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Grammar. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Event Staging Decor. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Layout. See table Entertainment. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Special effects / Lighting / Sound. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Electricity. Electricity is provided by the complex and is apart of the permit to use the facility. Water. Water cooler will be placed in every dugout to ensure hydration is maintained. Transportation. The location of this event allows for quick access to the interstate and airports as well as medical transportation. Traffic management. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Street closures. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Impact on local traffic. The event will have no impact on local traffic flow. Notification of affected businesses. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Diversions / Detours. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Security. In the event of an altercation the local authorities will be contacted. Support vehicles. Due to the size of the complex support vehicles will not be needed. Medical / ambulance / EMTs. In the case of emergency medical assistance will be contacted, but no onsite medical will be present. Parking. The parking is provided by the complex and is free of charge Disability access / ADA compliance. The facility meets all disability and ADA requirements Children. The facility has a playground area that is accessible for children. Food / Catering. Food for concessions will be purchased at local wholesalers such as Costco. Providers. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Facilities. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Waste and environmental management. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Toilets. The complex provides this and no rentals of toilets is needed. Waste management, recycling. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Waste Management. Sanitation. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Noise. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Water pollution. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Environmental Impact Study (EIS). This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Cleaning. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Staffing Rosters. The staff will include the tournament director, four game day staff, two concession staff and 4 volunteers from local colleges. Training. All staff members will be CPR certified and trained on operational activities before the event. Briefing. Everyday before the first games a meeting will be held to go over that activities for that day and the chain of command. Recruitment of volunteers. Volunteers will be sought out from local colleges for students looking to gain some experience. Leadership Plan Communication. All communication will through the tournament director. During the morning meetings the communication process will be laid out and all questions will be answered. Staffing ; Skills. Pre-event training will take place to ensure all staff are on the same page for what needs to be accomplished and only qualified individuals will be on the staff. Coordination / Evaluation. During the morning meetings the coordination and evaluation processes will be laid out and all staff will be well informed on what needs will be required. Rewards. At the end of the tournament all game day staff members will be taken out to dinner to celebrate the success of the event. Operational Plans Procedures ; checklists. (See table 2 pg. 17) Performance standards. The performance standards will be consistent with departmental goals, communicates clearly to all levels falls within budget guidelines, can reasonably be accomplished in specified time frame and follows up and resolves problems in timely manner to keep project on track. Contingency plans. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed. Weather. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed. Electrical supply, lighting. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Fire / Accident. In case of fire/ accident fire extinguishers and first aid kits will be available and local authorities will be contacted. Crowd control / management. Local authorities if needed will provide this. Delay or cancellation. In the case of a delay or cancellation all teams will be contacted within enough time so that proper arrangements can be made. If a cancellation of the event does take place teams will be refunded their fees paid. Bomb threat or other security incident. Local authorities will provide this. Logistics. Local authorities will provide this. Setup / teardown. The setup and teardown of tents will be done by staff members before leaving the facility for the night to prevent theft. Signage. All signage will be hung on the fences of the fields in plain view of all spectators. Structures ; facilities. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Lighting / Sound. Lighting is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Safety ; Security (Safety of the event audience) Safety ; security of event performers, VIPs, etc. This will be provided by local authorities if needed. Health ; safety of staff. This will be provided by local authorities if needed. Security for premises, equipment, cash, etc. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department, and all cash will be held onto by the tournament director at the end of the night. Communications. Meetings will be held every morning and all communication will be through either cellular phones or radios. All issues get reported to the tournament director. Emergency access and emergency management. The facility has gates that open for easy access for emergency personnel to get as close to the situation as possible. First aid. In the concessions there will be first aid kits to be administered if need be. Timelines Form. (See table 1 pg. 16) Evaluation, Monitoring ; Control Feedback. During the course of the tournament staff members will ask questions to the spectators to see how their experience is so far. If any issues arise it will be handled promptly. Post-event evaluation. A mailing list will be generated in which all teams will be contacted and a survey will be enclosed to determine how the event went and what we can do to improve. Objectives. At the end of the event we will go through our utlined objectives and determine is they were met. Measures. The measures that will be used to determine the success will include survey’s, questionnaires, and direct-mailers to all participants. Analysis. After all measures are taken into account, an analysis will be done to determine the areas needed for improvement for future events. Report. Once objectives are met, the measurements are put into place, an analysis is done and all will be placed into a report for future sponsorship opportunities. Appendix Table 1 Event Timeline | 8 Months Out from Event| 3 Months Out from Event| Prepare posters, brochures, banners, etc. | | Reserve and confirm facility fees and permits| | Confirm participating teams| | | | | 7 Months Out from Event| 2 Months Out from Event| | Begin recruiting volunteers for day of event| | | 6 Months Out from Event| 1 Months Out from Event| Set event budget| Order t-shirts and prizes or have them donated| Set and confirm date, time and place| Continue recruiting volunteers for day of event| Determine goal of event and event name| Reconfirm ALL commitments| Decide on event logo| | Send out letters to potential teams| | | | 5 Months Out from Event| Week of the Event| Prepare site signage: information, check-in, first aid, start/finish, volunteer check-in| | Complete participant registration list| | Complete participant registration list| | Pick up t-shirts an d prizes| 4 Months Out from Event| 1 Month after the Event| Develop sponsorship levels| Mail thank you letters to sponsors, volunteers, and community partners| Approach corporate and media sponsors| Communicate final event participation count and amount of money raised to all sponsors| Confirm sponsors| Organize event binder for next year including suggestions and feedback| Table 2 Task| Person Responsible| Contact details| Check that the date does not clash with another event|   |   | Arrange venue|   |   | Prepare and distribute tournament notice/flyer|   |   | Prepare tournament budget|   |   | Appoint Rules Advisor (if not TD)|   |   | Organize person(s) to do the check in|   Ã‚  |   Ã‚  | Purchase trophies (if applicable)|   Ã‚  |   Ã‚  | Collect perpetual trophies (if applicable)|   |   Ã‚  | Organize wall charts|   |   Ã‚  | Organize name tags|   |   Ã‚  | Check stocks of score sheets, sets etc. |   |   Ã‚  | Receive entries ; set up draws|   |   | On day, supervise distribution of sets, table numbers, score sheets ; tile check sheets|   |   | Distribute tournament records|   |   | Manage refreshment area|   |   | Collect entry fee ; distribute name tags|   |   | Erect wall charts, latest ratings and rules|   |   | Instruct novices on tournament protocol|   |   | Direct runners to collect name tags during last game|   |   | Prepare tournament expense/income report|   |   | Present trophies ; awards|   |   | Table 3 REVENUE PROJECTED | Additional fundraising activities$785. 00 | Cash sponsors $6,500. 00| Donations $300. 00 | Paid advertising in event program $250. 00 | Registration fees (12 teams x $500) $6,000| TOTAL REVENUE: $13,835| EXPENSES| Decor – $125. 00 | Event program$300. 00 | Food and beverage $1,840. 00| Marketing and promotion $395. 00 | Save-the-date card – e-design $225. 00 | Signage – design $150. 00 | Signage – printing $1,258. 31| Silent auction $250. 00 | Thank you items$200. 00 | Venue -$5,000| TOTAL EXPENSES: $9,743. 31| TOTAL NET: $4,091. 69| How to cite Event Management Plan, Essay examples

Physical and Mental Effect of Teenage Pregnancy free essay sample

One of the most traumatic and devastating effect of teenage pregnancy is making it difficult for the girl to continue her education. And this is verily alarming especially here in the Philippines. It is a major contributor to poverty, single parenthood, and limited futures for adolescents and their children that is why it is so significant to attend to the problem now and not later. We must help young parents rise above what the statistics forecast. We can no longer look the other way when it comes to the issues our youth face today whether it is drugs or alcohol abuse, crime, sexual orientation, sexually transmitted infections or pregnancy.Our community must work together to empower, educate and encourage these individuals. We can address these issues by offering workshops on life skills such as budgeting, parenting, and financial planning. Young parents need access to resources in terms of rehabilitation, communication, parenting classes, relationship counseling and training. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical and Mental Effect of Teenage Pregnancy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Successful intervention methods must be established to resolve teenage pregnancy issues and teenage mother’s predicaments The sexual revolution has ushered in a period in which the average adolescent experiences tremendous pressures to have sexual experiences of all kinds.Filipino teens get a higher exposure to sex from the Internet, magazines, TV shows, movies and other media than decades ago, yet without any corresponding increase in information on how to handle the input. So kids are pretty much left to other kids for opinions and value formation when it comes to sex. Sexual misinformation is therefore equally shared in the group. Parents at home and teachers in school feel equally inadequate or uneasy to discuss the topic of sex with youngsters.The problem mounts because their peers has a more profound influence than parents do and they exert pressure and expect the adolescent to conform to the rest of them. Teen pregnancy has become known to be one of the most serious social problems in thewhole world. The youths today is at high risk of becoming an early and immature parent who areexpose to a malevolent behaviors. This issue is a severe family stressor that may quickly lead toa family crisis. The main objective of this research is to consider the physical and mental health of a pregnant teenager. As well as the cause and effect of pregnancy to the teenager and their social interaction. The heart of a mother is a deep abyss at the bottom of which you will always find  forgiveness†. Teenage pregnancy in the Philippines Teenage pregnancy in the Philippines is increasingly becoming a major cause of concern. There is a rising trend of young women becoming mothers and majority of whom are unmarried. Young pregnant women are more vulnerable to death during pregnancy while childbirth and huge number are not physically and emotionally prepared for motherhood.This is a direct reflection that there is inadequate and inaccurate information on adolescent pregnancy and not enough priority is given to maternal and child health care. If pregnancy occurs, teenagers and their families deserve honest and sensitive counseling about options available to them, from abortion to adoption. Special support systems, including consultation with a child and adolescent psychiatrist when needed, should be available to help the teenager throughout the pregnancy, the birth, and the decision about whether to keep the infant or give it up for adoption.The ability to talk openly about problems is one of the most important aspects of the  parent and child relationship. Developing this relationship  and open communication takes time,  persistence, and understanding. The relationship develops gradually  by spending time with the child. Meal times, storytelling, reading, playing games, outings, vacations, and celebrations are important opportunities for parents to spend time with their child. Parents should also try to spend some individual time with each child, particularly when talking about difficult or upsetting things.This relationship creates the foundation for talking with the child when struggles and conflicts  emerge  during  adolescence. Whatever feelings youre experiencing, this is likely to be a difficult time for your family. The important thing to realize is that your teen needs you now more than ever. Being able to communicate with each other especially when emotions are running high is essential. Teens that are carrying a baby to term have special health concerns, and your child will have a healthier pregnancy emotionally and physically if she knows she doesnt have to go it alone.

ALM Unlimited and the Trump Organization. Business Conflict

ALM Unlimited and the Trump Organization. Business Conflict Introduction Business conflicts are inevitable. Conflicts may range from small disagreements to big and costly disagreements. Sometimes, if left unattended, minor conflicts may easily become major conflicts, thereby creating devastating consequences for the parties involved.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on ALM Unlimited and the Trump Organization. Business Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Businesses may suffer reputational damage, time and resource wastage, and the loss of future investment opportunities (among other ramifications) from business conflicts (Davis, 2012). To avoid these consequences, many businesses prefer to avoid conflict altogether, as opposed to solving them. However, some businesses are unsuccessful in doing so. The Trump Organization is one such entity that has failed to avoid conflict in the last decade. This article delves into the intrigues of a recently concluded dispute between th e organization and New York-based licensing firm, ALM Unlimited. This paper explains the details of the conflict, including the cost of the conflict, the resolution of the conflict, and the undertones of the disagreement. The Case Informed of its role in helping the flamboyant real estate developer, Donald Trump, to secure a lucrative clothing contract with Phillips-Van Heusen (PVH) Company, ALM Unlimited named the Trump Organization in a lawsuit for unlawful termination of remittances to its organization (Clarke, 2013). In its defense, the Trump Organization claimed it had wrongfully remitted payments to ALM Unlimited. The company also said its payment to ALM Unlimited was supposed to be a one-off payment (McCoy, 2011). Moreover, according to Donald Trump, ALM Unlimited played a minimal role in helping the Trump Organization to secure the multimillion-dollar contract with PVH. In his submissions at a New York court, Donald Trump revealed that his company had received above $3,000,0 00 in royalties from the contentious deal (Clarke, 2013).Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cost of the Conflict The cost of conflict is the amount of money a party aims to gain or lose from a business conflict. However, Davis (2012) says that when businesses are in conflict, the cost of the conflict often transcends the amount of money quoted in lawsuits, or the fees paid out to the lawyers. Instead, he says, â€Å"The financial and emotional effects, wasted time, and lost productivity of businesses and individuals contribute to the overall costs of conflict† (Davis, 2012, p. 32). An overexposure of conflict may further lead to more damages, especially when the warring parties have to do business with other companies. Observers have said that the conflict between the Trump Organization and ALM Unlimited transcends the cost of litigation (McCoy, 2011). They argue that the Trump Organization largely bases its success from the strength of the â€Å"Trump† brand. Therefore, an overexposure of the brand to business conflict paints a bad picture for the company because it hurts the business. McCoy (2011) affirms this fact when he says overexposure is bad for business because other organizations will be hesitant to do business with a defamed brand. Despite the merit of these arguments, this paper acknowledges the importance of understanding conflict on a case-by-case basis. Stated differently, the business conflict between the Trump Organization and ALM Unlimited presents unique dynamics that inform its cost of conflict. Concisely, based on the arguments advanced by the Trump Organization and ALM Unlimited, the amount of contention was about $75,000 annually. This is the cost of the conflict. This figure comes from the amount of money paid by the Trump organization to ALM Unlimited (since the two parties started business). In detail, since the Trump organization entered into the clothing business with Phillips-Van Heusen, it has paid about $350,000 to ALM. The organization made these payments between 2004 and 2008 when it stopped the payments (this has been a four-year stretch).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on ALM Unlimited and the Trump Organization. Business Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on calculations of the amount received by ALM international over the four-year stretch, the company wanted periodical payments of $75,000 annually. Resolution of Conflict Businesses choose to resolve conflicts in different ways. Some choose to resolve conflicts through personal agreements (business-to-business agreements); others choose to identify an arbitrator to mediate the conflict, while many businesses seek a legal solution to conflict resolution. The conflict between the Trump Organization and ALM Unlimited ended through a legal solu tion. A Supreme Court judge, based in New York, ruled that the Trump Organization had no case to answer in the above-mentioned business conflict (Clarke, 2013). The judge sidestepped a sitting jury, which heard the case for close to a week, by issuing a direct order that dismissed the case because of lack of sufficient evidence to show that the two organizations had a binding contract. This ruling ended the four-year conflict. Conclusion It is often difficult to predict the ramifications of business conflicts, or their end. However, for ALM Unlimited and the Trump Organization, their conflict was resolved through legal means, without any serious ramifications for any of the parties. The resolution of conflict through the courts should however be regarded as a last resort for doing so because less expensive and expeditious methods exist for solving such conflicts (outside courts). Arbitration is one example of an inexpensive and expeditious process for solving business conflicts. Non etheless, regardless of the nature or magnitude of business conflicts, they should be resolved expeditiously because delaying the conflict resolution process only worsens the outcome. References Clarke, K. (2013). The Donald Triumphs at Trial over Clothing Royalties. Web. Davis, P. (2012). A model for strategy implementation and conflict resolution in the franchise business. Strategy Leadership, 40(5), 32 – 38.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McCoy, K. (2011). Donald Trump Faces Lawsuits over Business Deals. Web.

Kylie Masshardt Essays (496 words) - Military History By Country

Kylie Masshardt Essays (496 words) - Military History By Country Kylie Masshardt 3rd period March 27,2016 World War 1 Weaponry Between July 28 of 1914 to November 11 of 1918 a four-year world war broke out around the globe. With more than 15 participating nations and empires, many advancements in various fields were inevitable. There were many contributing factors as to why the war broke out, but one aspect that is often placed aside is the importance of the weapons utilized during the war. There were hundreds of weapons that made an appearance in the war, some of which include: poison gas, tanks, and machine guns. How these three specific weapons played a role in the war varies from each weapon and nation using them. April of 1915, the Germans introduced poison gas at the second battle of Ypres. Chlorine was the first gas used, killing hundreds of French troops. As the war progressed so did the usage of poison gas. Beginning as only chlorine, many gases began making their way onto the battle field. Introduced a few years later was phosgene and mustard gas, which blinded those who came in contact with it. By the year 1917 poison gas could be delivered with better accuracy with the use of chemical shells and mortars. By the end of the war there was an estimated of one million casualties due to poison gas. In addition to poison gas, tanks, or "land battleships," were introduced in the first world war. At the orders of Winston Churchill on September 1916, the tank would make its first appearance in the war. Initially, the tank was built with the intent of being indestructible to the machine gun fire, and their tracks would be able to cross rugged terrain, trenches, as well as barbed-wire. Although the tanks weekend enemy morals, they had faults. The tanks were slow and endured many mechanical problems. As stated by Mr.Bronsnan,"[] tanks were more reliable and available to British forces in greater number." Lastly, the machine. The machine gun wasn't a new weapon though. American, Hiram Maxim, had invented the gun that bore his name in 1884 but it was later altered and refined and made easier to carry. Making it more reliable and even deadlier across the expanses of "no man land" that separated the two sides on the Western Front. Germany also endured a type of machine gun, the Maschinegewehr 08. It had been based on the Maxim gun, it could fire 400 hundred rounds a single minute. The machine gun allowed for a faster more efficient war to be fought. In conclusion, many weapons had been introduced or utilized during the first world war. These weapons allowed for certain advantages and progressions in future weaponry. There were hundreds of weapons that made an appearance in the war, some of which include: poison gas, tanks, and machine guns. How these three specific weapons played a role in the war varies from each weapon and nation using them.

Social Media Marketing Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Media Marketing Plan - Term Paper Example The organization can achieve the goals by monitoring the stakeholders’ reactions towards the organization’s activities using their views on the social media. Other organization’s goals encompass validation of new products and services using the social media as a research base and generation of registrations to the organization’s events through the media. Given the organization’s marketing strategies, the activities that make sense include increasing awareness of the strengths of the company’s products and providing accurate information about the business. Other activities entail reacting to the consumers’ messages and questions within the shortest period. Additionally, an important activity entails aligning the media activities with the organization’s goals. This is achievable through the effective online status management. Social Media Status The company has successfully engaged in several social activities. Some of the activit ies entail responding to the customers’ questions and selling some products through the social media. These activities have been successful because customers’ views illustrate their level of satisfaction with responses. Additionally, the company has managed to sell several products online. Moreover, the company has been successful in attracting large numbers of clients. However, it has not been successful in increasing their engagement. The organization used some metrics to measure the success of the social media. The social media successes need to be identified by clear measurable goals. The organization has measured its goal of reaching many clients by using the total reach. By using this, the organization acknowledged the value added to the social space. The total reach was large. This implies that the organization was able to attract many clients. Additionally, the organization measured its success through the social customer relationship management (CRM) tool. Thi s, too, was helpful in showing the number of people using the organization’s social page and the level of engagement on the page. This measurement is vital in determining whether the organization’s value is increasing through its social strategy. The social CRM tool used is the Sprout Social, which combined the organization’s activities into a single activity. This enabled the organization to know if its strategy is moving towards the expected direction. Through this metric, the organization’s goal was partly achieved because it had managed to attract a large community. However, it had partly failed because the level of engagement was very low. Furthermore, the organization used the Conversation Share to determine the position of the organization in the social media as far as competition is concerned. This is done through measuring the amount of conversation about organization’s products in comparison with the number of conversations about the riva ls’ products. This metric showed that the organization was successful in acquiring a large market share, although not like some of its competitors. Consequently, the organization needs to upgrade its systems in order to reach very high levels of conversation share like its competitors (Lauby 1). Social Activities The first step of the social medi

Phonology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phonology - Case Study Example And when producing pp, the lips will be stretched to produce y. The whole word is uttered in half a second. Elision: Elision is the loss of a phoneme. I.e. the omission of sounds (vowel/consonant/syllable), so that the speaker can simplify the pronunciation. This usually occurs in a fast speech and is normally unintentional. Allophone: Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. I.e. it is one of the several speech sounds belonging to the same phoneme. A change in allophone does not alter the meaning, but rather makes the word sound non-native. Minimal pairs enable the linguists to build up the phoneme inventory for a language or a dialect. Though the words differ by only one segment, there may be wide variations in terms of articulation. However, most minimal pairs are considerably distinct and hardly pose inconvenience to the speaker or listener. Complementary Distribution: it is the mutually exclusive relationship between two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in one particular environment and the other occurring in an entirely different environment. Example: Consider the allophones [p'] and [p]. ... Example: Consider the allophones [p'] and [p]. [p'], the aspirated phoneme occurs when there is a syllable onset and is followed by a stressed vowel (as in the word put) and the unaspirated phoneme [p] occurs all other times. Here we see complementary distribution in similar phones. Every time it need not be allophones. For example,[h] and ['] are in complementary distribution, since [h] only occurs at the beginning of a syllable and ['] only at the end. Since they have hardly anything in common in phonetic terms, they are better considered as separate phonemes. Phonological conditioning and conditioning factors: Consider the words- cats, dogs, judges. The final sounds- /s/, /z/, /s/ occur after the sounds /t/, /g/ and /'/, respectively. When the distribution of the various allomorphs can be stated in terms of their phonemic environments, the allomorphs are said to be phonologically conditioned. Phonological conditioning is the most general and productive kind of conditioning of morphemic variants in languages. Phonemic overlapping: Biuniqueness: It is a principle which provides a one-to-one correspondence between phonemic and phonetic levels of analysis. A phonemic description is said to be biunique if phonemes and allophones are unambiguously mapped on to each other. Example: send and sent pronounced as /sent/ and seed and seat pronounced as /si:t/. Neutralization: phonemes that are contrastive in certain environments may not be so in all environments. In those environments where they do not contrast, the contrast is said to be neutralized. Example: consider the word sum: /s'm/. In another word, plumber: /pl'mb'/, since /m/ is followed by a plosive sound /b/, the contrast is lost. Archiphoneme: This is an abstract phonological

Health Policy And The Social Determinants

Health Policy And The Social Determinants INEQUALITIES IN MENTAL HEALTH Introduction and definitions: Mental health is described by the World Health Organization (WHO) as: a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (WHO 2001a, p.1). According to NHS website every year in the UK, more than 250,000 people are admitted to psychiatric hospitals and over 4,000 people commit suicide (http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mental-health/Pages/Introduction.aspx , accessed 20-4-2010) Mental health inequality is a long standing problem that has been tackled for decades by epidemiologists, sociologists and health professionals. And because this problem has both strong social and health aspect there is no unified approach to identification and resolution. From Sociologists viewpoint inequality with mental health is a problem that has two main explanations: people are poor because they have mentally illness that makes them unable to keep work probably (social selection), or they become mentally ill under the stress of being poor (social causation). However, in modern psychiatry other factors are believed to involve in the etiology such as genetic factors, diet, and hormonal disturbance which interact with personality disorders or emotional state to produce mental illness. The problem of inequality is not only about serious mental illness but we can expand the definition of mental health inequality to include everyday feelings which is considered by United Kingdom Department of Health to be public health indicator: How people feel is not an elusive or abstract concept, but a significant public health indicator; as significant as rates of smoking, obesity and physical activity (Mental Well-being Impact Assessment ,2009) The table below gives examples of those factors that promote or reduce opportunities for good mental health (DOH 2001): MENTAL HEALTH PROTECTIVE FACTORS INTERNAL PROTECTIVE FACTORS EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE FACTORS EMOTIONAL RESILIENCE physical health self esteem/positive sense of self ability to manage conflict ability to learn CITIZENSHIP a positive experience of early bonding positive experience of attachment ability to make, maintain and break relationships communication skills feeling of acceptance EMOTIONAL RESILIENCE basic needs met food, warmth, shelter CITIZENSHIP societal or community validation supportive social network positive role models employment HEALTHY STRUCTURES positive educational experiences safe and secure environment in which to live supportive political infrastructure live within time of peace (absence of conflict) MENTAL HEALTH DEMOTING/VULNERABILITY FACTORS INTERNAL VULNERABLE FACTORS EXTERNAL VULNERABLE FACTORS EMOTIONAL RESILIENCE congenital illness, infirmity or disability lack of self esteem and social status feeling of helplessness problems with sexuality or sexual orientation CITIZENSHIP poor quality of relationships feeling of isolation feeling of institutionalisation experience of dissonance, conflict, or alienation EMOTIONAL RESILIENCE needs not being met hunger, cold, homelessness/poor housing conditions etc. experience separation and loss experience of abuse or violence substance misuse family history of psychiatric disorder CITIZENSHIP cultural conflict experience of alienation discrimination the negative experience of being stigmatised lack of autonomy the negative experience of peer pressure unemployment HEALTHY STRUCTURES value systems effects of poverty negative physical environment Table 1: factors that promote or reduce opportunities for good mental health What is the evidence on mental health inequalities? Socio-economic status: Community-based epidemiological studies across countries and over time have consistently identified an inverse relationship between Socio-economic status and prevalence rates of schizophrenia .The ratio between the current prevalence (defined as period prevalence up to one-year prevalence) of the disorder among low-SES and high-SES people was 3.4, whereas the ratio for lifetime prevalence was 2.4 (Saraceno et al,2005), and in Britain, twice as many suicides occur among people from the most lower SES (Blamey A et al ,2002). There are five hypotheses to explain this relation (Hudson 2005): Hypothesis 1: Economic stress. The inverse SES-mental illness correlation is a speci ¬Ã‚ c outcome of stressful economic conditions, such as poverty, unemployment, and housing unaffordability. Hypothesis 2: Family fragmentation. The inverse SES-mental illness correlation is a function of the fragmentation of family structure and lack of family supports. Hypothesis 3: Geographic drift. The inverse SES-mental illness correlation results from the movement of individuals from higher to lower SES communities subsequent to their initial hospitalization. Hypothesis 4: Socioeconomic drift. The inverse SES-mental illness correlation results from declining employment subsequent to initial hospitalization. Hypothesis 5: Intergenerational drift. The inverse SES-mental illness correlation is a function of declines in community SES levels of hospitalized adolescents between their  ¬Ã‚ rst hospitalization and their most recent hospitalization after turning 18 Age: In elderly: National Institute for Mental Health in England (NIMHE) has reported the following point regarding mental health problems in elderly : 3million older people in the UK experience symptoms of mental health problems the annual economic burden of late onset dementia is  £4.3 billion which is greater than that for stroke, cancer and heart disease combined dementia affects 5% of those aged over 65 and 20% over 80 10-15% of all older people meet the clinical criteria for a diagnosis of depression these numbers are set to increase by a third over the next 15 years (NIMHE, 2009). Mental health problems in elderly often go unrecognised. Even where they are acknowledged, they are often inadequately or inappropriately managed (DH 2005c). The UK inquiry into mental health and well-being in later life (2006) identified five factors that influence the mental health of older people: discrimination (for example, by age or culture); participation in meaningful activity; relationships; physical health (including physical capability to undertake everyday tasks); and poverty. in children : WHO states, that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾development of a child and adolescent mental health policy requires an understanding of well-being and the prevalence of mental health problems among children and adolescents(child and adolescent mental health policy, 2006) However, there is an evidence that levels of distress and dysfunction during childhood are considerably high between 11 per cent and 26 per cent, while the severe cases that require interventions are around 3-6 per cent of people under 16 years of age (Bird et al.1988; Costello et al. 1988). Emotionally disturbed children are exposed to abuse or neglect in their family of origin, with estimates up to 65 per cent (Zeigler-Dendy,1989). Gender: Women and Mental Health Mental health problems are more common among women than men with higher incidence rates of depressive disorder than men (Palmer, 2003). There are many factors to explain this, first: Socio-economic factors such as poverty and poor housing conditions cause greater stress and fear of future amongst women. lack of confidence and self-esteem may be the results of educational factors such negative school experiences , Living in unsafe neighbourhoods cause stress and anxiety amongst women , dependency on prescription drugs (for depressive and sleeping disorders) often leads to anxiety. Men and Mental Health Men tend to be more vulnerable to mental health problems and suicide than ever before due for a number of reasons including: Men in general are less likely to talk about their problems or feelings or to admit that they have depression. Men are less likely to seek help for mental and emotional health problems. Unemployment has a greater impact on men in general. Some mental disorders are more serious in men for example suicide is the leading cause of death among young men. The rate for young men aged 10-24 years is higher among those from deprived communities compared with those from affluent communities. Men also experience earlier onset of schizophrenia with poorer clinical outcomes (Piccinelli, 1997) Risk groups for mental illness in men include (DHSSPS,2004): Older men: they are less willing to use health services because of the perception that these services are for older women. Divorced men because they have less support available from family , and services designed to meet the needs of this group is particularly. Male victims of domestic abuse -especially boys in rural areas. Gay and bisexual men few services are available to help men deal with problems such as homophobic bullying and harassment. Male survivors of sexual abuse lack of co-ordinated support for adult survivors of abuse Fathers despite examples of good practice, men have comparatively less access to support services than women, to enable them to cope with the stresses of parenthood. Bereaved men lack of appropriate services specifically targeted at men who have experienced bereavement. Men in rural areas particularly isolated in terms of service access. Young offenders inadequate psychological services in juvenile justice centres despite the high proportion of young people entering the juvenile system with a range of mental health problems. Ethnic group: A review by Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection,( Count me in, 2009) noted that Rates of admission were lower than the national average among the White British, Indian and Chinese groups, and were average for the Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups. They were higher than average among other minority ethnic groups particularly in the Black Caribbean, Black African, Other Black, White/Black Caribbean Mixed and White/Black African Mixed groups with rates over three times higher than average, and nine times higher in the Other Black group. Employment Status and Mental Health Having a job helps to maintain better mental health than not having one, but this is not always true as many factors involve For example, jobs which are unsatisfactory or insecure can be as harmful to health as unemployment (Wilkinson et al , 2003). Anxiety about job security, lack of job control, perceived effort-reward imbalance, negative relationships in the workplace, including bullying and harassment can have negative mental health consequences. According to OSC Health Inequalities Review (2006) people with a common mental disorder are five times more likely to be unemployed, and if they have work they are more likely to be excluded, people with an identified mental health problem are twice as likely to be on income support and four to five times more likely to be getting invalidity benefits. A person with a diagnosis of a psychotic illness leaves him with only a one in four chance of being in employment. Geographic variation: Studies result on geographic variation of mental illness are inconsistent , for example Hollie has concluded that In mental health problems there is substantial variation at the household level but with no evidence of postcode unit variation and no association with residential environmental quality or geographical accessibility. It is believed that in common mental disorder the psychosocial environment is more important than the physical environment (Hollie et al, 2007) On the other hand, a recent Swedish study of 4.4 million adults found that the incidence rates of psychosis and depression rose with increasing levels of urbanisation (Sundquist K.et al.,2004). Another study by Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution shows that people from densely populated areas had a 68-77% and 12-20% higher risk of developing any psychotic illness and depression respectively when compared to a control group in rural areas. Within urban areas the rates for psychoses map closely those for deprivation and the size of a city also matters; in London schizophrenia rates are about twice those in Bristol or Nottingham (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2007a, 2007b). Disability and Mental Health: Definition: According to Disability Discrimination Act (1995) (DDA) A person has a disability if he has a physical or mental impairment which has substantial and long-term adverse affect on his ability to carry out normal day to day activities In the light of this definition we can focus on mental health inequality of three groups of people: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ People suffer socio-economic disadvantage caused by stigma and discrimination associated with their mental health problems. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ People with both mental health problems and physical disabilities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ People with physical disabilities, whose experience discrimination and stigma because of their physical impairment and become mentally ill because of this experience. Disabled people are more likely to experience stress and emotional instability than those who are not disabled. a report by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (2003) has found that whilst 34% of those who were not disabled had experienced quite a lot or a great deal of stress in the last 12 months prior to the survey, the percentage rose to 52% for disabled people. Experiences of depression within the last 12 months were higher among women who were disabled (44%) than men (34%). Conclusion: Inequality in mental health is as important as any other form of health inequality, however the interaction between social and personal level in mental illness makes it more difficult to address different kinds of mental health Inequalities associated with it. Question 2 : word count (2000) Tackling inequalities in mental health Introduction: Mental illness, among other disorders, is widely considered as a significant determinant of both health and social outcomes and many studies have spotted mental health disorders as both consequence and cause of inequalities and social exclusion. Mental health diseases have two distinct characteristics as a public health problem: first very high rates of prevalence; secondly : onset is usually at a much younger age than for other health problem , Mental health diseases effects all areas of peoples lives : personal relationships, employment, income and educational performance. (Friedli and Parsonage , 2007; McDaid , 2007) Who is at risk for mental health problems? Defining risk groups enables policies makers to determine how to manage available resources to achieve better health equality. Furthermore, these groups are the main targets for health equality promotional programs. A review of recent evidences on mental health inequalities can help to define the large groups at risk: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ People living in institutional settings: such as care homes or those in secure care or subject to detention. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ People living in unhealthy settings and who may not be reached by traditional health care such as veterans or the homeless. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ People with physical and/or mental illness, people misusing drugs, people with alcohol problems, people who are victims of violence and abuse. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢children whose parents have problems with alcohol or with drugs, children whose parents have a mental illness and looked after and accommodated children, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ People from groups who experience discrimination. Key policies: These policies can be long term policies focusing on deep change over long period or short term seeking fast results such as health promotion. Long term aims: Inequalities in mental health are not only about equality of access, but also about quality of access. In the year 2009 Mental Health Foundation has published a report on resilience and inequalities in mental health (Mental Health, Resilience and Inequalities ,2009) This report mentioned four priorities for action: 1-Social, cultural and economic conditions that support family life: This can be done by reduce child poverty , parenting skills training and high quality preschool education , increasing access to safe places for children to play, especially outdoors, inter-agency partnerships to reduce violence and sexual abuse. 2- Education that helps children both economically and emotionally by: schools health promoting programs, involving teachers, pupils, parents and supporting parents to improve the home learning environment (HLE) support social, sports and creative achievements, as well as academic performance 3- Reduce unemployment and poverty levels and promote and protect mental health by: Supporting efforts to improve pay, work conditions and job security. Facilitate early referral to workplace based support for employees with psychiatric symptoms or personal crises to prevent employment breakdown. 4- Tackle economic and social problems, which cause the psychological distress. Such as housing/transport problems, isolation, debt, beside that art and leisure centres can help to reduce stress too. However, these strategies take long time to be effective, that means the need for more rapid actions or short term aims. Short term aims: Mental health promotion: To build an effective strategy to promotion for health equality the following points should be achieved: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Comprehensive: Mental Health promotion is not only the responsibility of health services alone; other sectors of society should join that effort. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Based on evidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Based on the needs of the local communities, and with the agreement of these communities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Subject to evaluation: The strategy should be subject to critical evaluation and can be changed when necessary. A good example of such strategy is the Mental health national evidence based standards which have been issued by The National Service Framework for Mental Health (DOH 1999). The purpose of these standards is to deal with mental health discrimination and social exclusion associated with mental health problems. And that can be achieved by promotion: promote mental health for the whole society, working with individuals and communities Stop discrimination against individuals and groups with mental health problems, and take steps towards better promotion for their social inclusion. Tackling inequalities for special risk groups: The Suicide prevention strategy: One of the best example is the strategy based on work by (DOH 2002) and The NSPSE (National Suicide Prevention Strategy for England), the report was the result of literature review of suicide prevention programs around the world and has reached the following goals: 1. To reduce the risk in key high-risk group. 2. To promote mental well-being in the wider population. 3. To reduce the availability and lethality of suicide methods. 4. To improve the reporting of suicide behavior in the media. 5. To promote research on suicide and suicide prevention. 6. To improve monitoring of progress towards the target for reducing suicide. Women and Mental Health: Preventing: The results of UK-based survey (Williams, 2002) shows that mental health services for women: Do not meet womens mental health needs. Can replicate inequalities. Can be unsafe for women. Can be insensitive to the effects of gender and other social inequalities, such as race, class and age However, in their response to a survey conducted in England and Wales, women said that they wanted services that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Keep them feel safe. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promote empowerment, choice and self-determination. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Place importance on the underlying causes and context of their distress in addition to their symptoms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Addressee important issues relating to their roles as mothers, the need for safe accommodation and access to education, training and work opportunities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Value their strengths, abilities and potential for recovery. (DH, 2002a) These points are important to build a need-based action plan for better equality in health services. Men and Mental Health: Preventing: The Equal Minds conference workshop which had special focus on men and mental health listed five service design features targeted at mens mental health and well-being (equal minds, 2005): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Accessibility and flexibility of services regarding time, location. For example, Select places familiar for men, Men Only sessions run by male staff, make use of some activities, such as sport and physical activity programmes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Holistic approach, works on the person as a whole, not just on mental health. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Early intervention to prevent anxieties and concerns build up, especially in stress and anger management. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Trust and confidence are important to solve problems of identity and role that can underlay mens anxieties and self-perceptions or lack of self-esteem. Ethnicity and Mental Health: Preventing: The main problem in this field was the barriers to access services. Barriers include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Language. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stereotyping. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lack of awareness or understandings of mental illness. The report Inside Outside (Sashidharan, 2003) which addresses mental health services for people from black and minority ethnic communities in England and Wales. Suggest that patients from all minority ethnic groups are more likely than white majority patients: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To follow aversive pathways into specialist mental health care. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To be admitted compulsorily (there are differences also between ethnic groups at all ages). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To be misdiagnosed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To be prescribed drugs and Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), more than talking therapies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To have higher readmission rates and stay for longer periods in hospital. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To be admitted to secure care/forensic environments. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Their social care and psychological needs are less likely to be addressee within the care planning process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To have worse outcomes. A strategic approach in Ethnicity and Mental Health: In England and Wales a framework have been developed for action for delivering race equality in mental health (DH, 2003b) The framework focuses on three building blocks which are essential to improved outcomes and experiences of people from black and minority ethnic communities: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Information of better quality and more intelligently used. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Services which are more appropriate and responsive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increased community engagement In other words any approach should take in consider both quality of health services and the socio-economic disadvantages experienced by people from ethnic communities. Some suggested steps for this approach may include: Providing interpretation and translation services beside mental health service to insure highest possible quality. Adopting equalities practice in mental health services, that mean better understanding for cultural identity, the impact of racism, and culture differences in expression of mental distress. Developing assessment and diagnostic tools that can better assess patients from different backgrounds and ethnicities. Ensuring that services understand and respect spiritual requirements for different cultures. Ensuring access equality to culturally appropriate services including, counseling, psychotherapy and advocacy. Addressing common problem for people from black and minority communities, such as housing, employment, welfare benefits, and child-care. Disability and Mental Health: people with disabilities may experience high levels of socio-economic disadvantage due to discrimination and stigma , this group need a special interest regarding mental health services , they are liable for what Rogers and Pilgrim (2003) described :inequalities created by service provision. Mental health services for disable people should be customized to their needs, some recommendations for such services may include: Promotion for mental health, well-being and living with disability. Early intervention: for people who show symptoms for possible mental illness. Personalised care based on individuals needs and wishes Stigma: work for better social inclusion and tackling stigma and discrimination associated with some disabilities. Elderly and mental health: In order to achieve better equality for this group, policy makers should insure better access to mental health services on the first place. In the year 2005 the Department of Health published a report titled Securing Better Mental Health for Older Adults to launch a new programme to bring together mental health and older peoples policy in order to improve services for older people with mental health problems. The National Directors for older people and mental health promoted the dual principles of: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delivering non-discriminatory mental health and care services available on the basis of need, not age and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Holistic, person-centred older peoples health and care services which address mental as well as physical health needs Here, it is essential to emphasis the importance of specialist mental health service for older adults. Sexual Orientation and Mental Health: In this group health promotion plays a great role to address the mental problems associated with sexual orientation. PACE organization has drawn up a set of practice guidelines for working with lesbian, gay and bisexual people in mental health services (PACE guideline.2006). The guidelines suggest promoting services and resources specifically for LGB people, including services such counselling and advocacy provided by LGB organisations. In response to these guidelines and studies about LGB such as (McNair et al, 2001). Mental health services for LGB people should: Reflect upon the homophobia and heterosexism that LGBT people may experience within mental health services. Enhance awareness of LGBT people problems, and the forms of discrimination and social exclusion they may face. Consider the nature of a culturally competent for LGBT people Preventing in Mental Health Problems: people with mental health problem are in need for resilience factors that enable them to recover from mental distress and to fight the effects of discrimination and stigma, we can name some of these factors such as confiding relationships, social networks, self-determination, financial security, however, support health services are essential for individual recovery and to achieve socially inclusive accepting communities (Dunn, 1999). Examples for these services can be found in report on Mental Health and Social Exclusion which has been published by Social Exclusion Unit. The report included a 27-point Action Plan aimed at tackling stigma and discrimination, focusing on the role of health and social care in addressing problems of social exclusion, unemployment, and supporting families and community participation through ensuring access to goods and services such as housing, financial advice and transport (SEU,2004). Beyond this report, it is important that policy makers be aware of connection between inequalities and mental health as a result and a cause, this will encourage more holistic approach that aim prevention on the long run. Conclusion: It is essential to put the different recommendations on mental health inequalities into everyday practice , for example a recent study by Glasgow Centre for Population Health found that policies are not driving practice for reducing inequalities in mental health within primary care, and the primary care organization studied is not conducive to addressing inequalities in mental health. (Craig, 2009). For that reason, it is the responsibility of government, health services and health professionals to put these strategies and plans into action to insure a better and healthier society.